… I just had the same problem and it turned out I had a path set in /etc/environment on that host that didn’t include /sbin. Once I added the path there, the apt module worked fine again.
Try using:
ssh user@host -t "sudo bash -l -c 'echo \$PATH'"
As per:
https://superuser.com/questions/306530/run-remote-ssh-command-with-full-login-shell